Learn about green electronics: sustainable materials, environmental benefits, technical challenges, and regulations for eco‑friendly additive manufacturing.

Printing with sustainable materials to reduce e-waste

Green Electronics

green-electronics

What are the differences between green electronics and biodegradable electronics?

What are the most widely used technologies in green electronics?

What are the regulations or standards guiding green electronics design and recycling?

<figure class="w-richtext-figure-type-video w-richtext-align-center" style="padding-bottom:33.723653395784545%" data-rt-type="video" data-rt-align="center" data-rt-max-width="" data-rt-max-height="33.723653395784545%" data-rt-dimensions="854:480" data-page-url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PD1q4FNRlgU&"><div><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PD1q4FNRlgU" title="Printing PCBs on Biodegradable Substrates for End-of-Life Recovery | Voltera, Green Electronics" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="true"></iframe></div></figure><h2>Project overview</h2><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The goal of this project was to validate the end-of-life recovery of printed circuit boards prototyped on a water-soluble and biodegradable substrate like Jiva Materials’ Soluboard®.</p><h3>Design</h3><p>The project was divided into three parts:</p><ol><li>Printing the boards</li><li>Soldering and assembling the boards</li><li>End-of-life breakdown process of the decimal counter board</li></ol><p>Three boards were printed for this project:</p><ul><li>Voltage regulator board</li><li>Pulse generator board</li><li>Decimal counter board</li></ul><h3>Desired outcome</h3><p>In terms of performance, we believed that the boards would function at a level comparable to traditional FR1 or FR4 boards. The decimal counter board’s seven-segment displays were expected to count from 00 to 99, with speed controlled by the pulse generator board.&nbsp;</p><figure class="w-richtext-figure-type-image w-richtext-align-center" data-rt-type="image" data-rt-align="center"><div><img alt="The voltage regulator board, pulse generator board, and 99 decimal counter board being connected, illuminating the LEDs and 7-segment displays" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac03b46aa715/69d5439bab7c598affec1821_printing-recyclable-circuit-boards-biodegradable-substrate.webp" width="auto" height="auto" loading="lazy"></div><figcaption>Three boards working together</figcaption></figure><p>In terms of end-of-life handling, when heated, heating would allow the solder paste to be removed while enabling components to be detached and recovered cleanly from the board. Although the printed conductive ink may remain as residual materials, when dissolved in hot water (&gt; 90°C), the substrate should break down into its base materials, including biodegradable flax fibers, while separating them from the printed silver ink and solder. This would enable material separation and support the potential for downstream metal recovery.</p><h3>Functionality</h3><p>After printing and curing, the assembled board was tested electrically. The silver traces produced with Conductor 3 ink exhibited conductivity and adhesion similar to those on FR1 and FR4 boards. Solder paste reflowed at 190°C formed reliable joints, and the decimal counter operated as designed, confirming that Soluboard does not impair electrical performance.&nbsp;</p><p>When heated again, solder paste softened and became removable. When placed in hot water heated to 99°C and agitated for approximately one hour, the flax-based Soluboard dissolved. The material was filtered and dried, revealing separated flax fibers, which demonstrated controlled material breakdown and potential recovery pathways as intended.</p><h2>Printing the decimal counter board</h2><p>The three boards printed were from a previous project we completed: <a href="https://www.voltera.io/use-cases/white-papers/printing-decimal-counter-circuit-silver-conductive-ink-fr1">printing a decimal counter circuit with silver conductive ink on FR1</a>. For brevity, this white paper focuses on the decimal counter board.&nbsp;</p><p>The layout included basic surface‑mount components such as resistors and seven-segment displays to verify conductivity and assembly.</p><figure class="w-richtext-figure-type-image w-richtext-align-center" data-rt-type="image" data-rt-align="center"><div><img alt="Layout of decimal counter PCB to be printed on Soluboard" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac03b46aa715/69d3c0ab329522cfed5eb37c_printing-recyclable-circuit-boards-decimal-counter.webp" width="auto" height="auto" loading="lazy"></div><figcaption>The design of the decimal counter board</figcaption></figure><p>[script]https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac591c6aa6e9/69bdb208fdad17b6dc8ca629_Applications_green%20electronics%20white%20paper%20table%201.txt[/script]</p><h2>Soldering and assembling the decimal counter board</h2><p>After curing the conductive traces on the Soluboard, we dispensed solder paste using V-One and populated the components using a pair of tweezers.</p><figure class="w-richtext-figure-type-image w-richtext-align-center" data-rt-type="image" data-rt-align="center"><div><img alt="The decimal counter board with components populated" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac03b46aa715/69d543b6edfd84b3e5070632_printing-sustainable-circuit-boards-assembled-counter.webp" width="auto" height="auto" loading="lazy"></div><figcaption>The assembled decimal counter board</figcaption></figure><p>[script]https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac591c6aa6e9/69bdb208cf7de4df05cc198a_Applications_green%20electronics%20white%20paper%20table%202.txt[/script]</p><h2>End-of-life breakdown process</h2><p>We began by removing the components from the decimal counter board using heat. By desoldering the parts using V-One’s built-in reflow feature, we ensured that we could reuse the components and prevent contamination during substrate dissolution.</p><figure class="w-richtext-figure-type-image w-richtext-align-center" data-rt-type="image" data-rt-align="center"><div><img alt="" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac03b46aa715/69d3c0e8385bee05360f11bb_printing-recyclable-circuit-boards-depopulated-components.webp" width="auto" height="auto" loading="lazy"></div><figcaption>Components removed from the finished decimal counter board</figcaption></figure><p>Next, we manually broke the Soluboard into smaller pieces to increase surface area and accelerate the breakdown process. We then placed the pieces into a beaker of water heated to 99°C on a hotplate stirrer and introduced continuous agitation. We maintained both temperature and mixing for approximately one hour.</p><p>During earlier tests, we observed minimal physical changes below 50°C. At around 78°C, the boards began to soften noticeably. Once the temperature exceeded 90°C, the flax-based Soluboard began to break down effectively.&nbsp;</p><p>After sustained heating and agitation at 99°C, the board disintegrated. We then filtered the mixture and collected the remaining material. After drying, we recovered separated flax fibers, confirming that we can physically break down the substrate and reclaim its renewable fibrous structure for potential composting, rather than ending up in a landfill.</p><figure class="w-richtext-figure-type-image w-richtext-align-center" data-rt-type="image" data-rt-align="center"><div><img alt="Reclaimed flax fibers from dissolved Soluboard substrate, separated in hot water above 90 °C and dried, showing woven textile structure remnants after PCB breakdown" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac03b46aa715/69d543fb209ddee948d35723_printing-sustainable-circuit-boards-flax-fibers.webp" width="auto" height="auto" loading="lazy"></div><figcaption>Reclaimed flax fibers recovered from Soluboard after hot-water dissolution and drying</figcaption></figure><h2>Challenges and advice</h2><h3>Jute-based Soluboard breakdown</h3><p>During testing, we observed distinct differences between flax-based and jute-based Soluboard variants. The darker jute boards softened quickly when exposed to heat but became rubbery during partial dissolution and did not break down to the same extent as the flax boards. In contrast, the flax-based Soluboard dissolved more consistently under sustained high temperatures and agitation.</p><p>Based on these findings, we recommend using the flax-based Soluboard when full substrate breakdown is required. The finer woven structure appears to facilitate more complete water penetration and material separation. Alternatively, when working with jute-based boards, more aggressive mechanical agitation (e.g., higher shear mixing, manual disruption, or ultrasonic agitation) would help breaking the material down.</p><h3>Temperature control and agitation</h3><p>We found that temperature control plays a critical role in achieving effective dissolution. When we exposed the boards to water below 90°C, they softened but did not fully decompose. Once we maintained temperatures above 90°C and introduced continuous agitation, the flax-based substrate broke down significantly more efficiently.</p><p>We also accelerated the process by manually breaking the board into smaller pieces to increase surface area. For scaled applications, we recommend maintaining sustained temperatures above 90°C and incorporating controlled mechanical agitation to optimize breakdown speed and material recovery.</p><h2>Conclusion</h2><p>This project demonstrates that additive PCB prototyping can be paired with biodegradable substrates to improve end-of-life material recovery. More importantly, the end-of-life process showed that components can be removed post-reflow and that the flax fiber can be reclaimed. This establishes a practical proof of concept for hardware prototyping and development that has lower material waste, more reusable components, and improved recyclability.</p><p>Interested in more V-One projects, take a look at our V-One project kits:</p><ul><li><a href="https://store.voltera.io/collections/bundles/products/voltage-regulator-kit">Voltage regulator kit</a></li><li><a href="https://store.voltera.io/collections/bundles/products/pulse-generator-kit">Pulse generator kit</a></li><li><a href="https://store.voltera.io/collections/bundles/products/99-decimal-counter-kit">99 decimal counter kit</a></li></ul><p>Working with green electronics? <a href="https://www.voltera.io/book-a-meeting?utm_campaign=applications-white-papers&utm_source=website&utm_medium=printing-recyclable-circuit-boards-biodegradable-substrates&utm_content=book-a-meeting">Book a meeting</a> to speak with one of our technical representatives.</p><h2>Frequently asked questions</h2><h3>Can components be fully reused?</h3><p>Yes, in most cases. We removed components using heat to soften the solder paste before beginning the dissolution process. This allowed us to separate and preserve electrical components for reuse. In general, component reuse will depend on the care taken during desoldering and the condition of the parts.</p><h3>Is Soluboard compatible with NOVA?</h3><p>Yes. The NOVA materials dispensing system supports a wide variety of substrates, including rigid materials like glass, flexible materials like PET, and soft materials like TPU. Like FR1 or FR4, Soluboard provides a stable surface for dispensing functional inks and pastes and would be a great choice if you’re experimenting with fully biodegradable circuit boards.</p><h3>Is NOVA compatible with recyclable inks and pastes?</h3><p>Very likely. NOVA is compatible with screen-printable materials with a viscosity between 1,000 and 1,000,000 cP. Depending on your ink formulation, you can choose nozzles with a larger or smaller inner diameter and experiment with different printing diameters until you find the ideal configuration. </p>

Printing PCBs on Biodegradable Substrates for End-of-Life Recovery

<h2>Project overview</h2><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The goal of this project was to validate the end-of-life recovery of printed circuit boards prototyped on a water-soluble and biodegradable substrate like Jiva Materials’ Soluboard®.</p><h3>Design</h3><p>The project was divided into three parts:</p><ol><li>Printing the boards</li><li>Soldering and assembling the boards</li><li>End-of-life breakdown process of the decimal counter board</li></ol><p>Three boards were printed for this project:</p><ul><li>Voltage regulator board</li><li>Pulse generator board</li><li>Decimal counter board</li></ul><h3>Desired outcome</h3><p>In terms of performance, we believed that the boards would function at a level comparable to traditional FR1 or FR4 boards. The decimal counter board’s seven-segment displays were expected to count from 00 to 99, with speed controlled by the pulse generator board.&nbsp;</p><figure class="w-richtext-figure-type-image w-richtext-align-center" data-rt-type="image" data-rt-align="center"><div><img alt="The voltage regulator board, pulse generator board, and 99 decimal counter board being connected, illuminating the LEDs and 7-segment displays" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac03b46aa715/69d5439bab7c598affec1821_printing-recyclable-circuit-boards-biodegradable-substrate.webp" width="auto" height="auto" loading="lazy"></div><figcaption>Three boards working together</figcaption></figure><p>In terms of end-of-life handling, when heated, heating would allow the solder paste to be removed while enabling components to be detached and recovered cleanly from the board. Although the printed conductive ink may remain as residual materials, when dissolved in hot water (&gt; 90°C), the substrate should break down into its base materials, including biodegradable flax fibers, while separating them from the printed silver ink and solder. This would enable material separation and support the potential for downstream metal recovery.</p><h3>Functionality</h3><p>After printing and curing, the assembled board was tested electrically. The silver traces produced with Conductor 3 ink exhibited conductivity and adhesion similar to those on FR1 and FR4 boards. Solder paste reflowed at 190°C formed reliable joints, and the decimal counter operated as designed, confirming that Soluboard does not impair electrical performance.&nbsp;</p><p>When heated again, solder paste softened and became removable. When placed in hot water heated to 99°C and agitated for approximately one hour, the flax-based Soluboard dissolved. The material was filtered and dried, revealing separated flax fibers, which demonstrated controlled material breakdown and potential recovery pathways as intended.</p><h2>Printing the decimal counter board</h2><p>The three boards printed were from a previous project we completed: <a href="https://www.voltera.io/use-cases/white-papers/printing-decimal-counter-circuit-silver-conductive-ink-fr1">printing a decimal counter circuit with silver conductive ink on FR1</a>. For brevity, this white paper focuses on the decimal counter board.&nbsp;</p><p>The layout included basic surface‑mount components such as resistors and seven-segment displays to verify conductivity and assembly.</p><figure class="w-richtext-figure-type-image w-richtext-align-center" data-rt-type="image" data-rt-align="center"><div><img alt="Layout of decimal counter PCB to be printed on Soluboard" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac03b46aa715/69d3c0ab329522cfed5eb37c_printing-recyclable-circuit-boards-decimal-counter.webp" width="auto" height="auto" loading="lazy"></div><figcaption>The design of the decimal counter board</figcaption></figure><p>[script]https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac591c6aa6e9/69bdb208fdad17b6dc8ca629_Applications_green%20electronics%20white%20paper%20table%201.txt[/script]</p><h2>Soldering and assembling the decimal counter board</h2><p>After curing the conductive traces on the Soluboard, we dispensed solder paste using V-One and populated the components using a pair of tweezers.</p><figure class="w-richtext-figure-type-image w-richtext-align-center" data-rt-type="image" data-rt-align="center"><div><img alt="The decimal counter board with components populated" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac03b46aa715/69d543b6edfd84b3e5070632_printing-sustainable-circuit-boards-assembled-counter.webp" width="auto" height="auto" loading="lazy"></div><figcaption>The assembled decimal counter board</figcaption></figure><p>[script]https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac591c6aa6e9/69bdb208cf7de4df05cc198a_Applications_green%20electronics%20white%20paper%20table%202.txt[/script]</p><h2>End-of-life breakdown process</h2><p>We began by removing the components from the decimal counter board using heat. By desoldering the parts using V-One’s built-in reflow feature, we ensured that we could reuse the components and prevent contamination during substrate dissolution.</p><figure class="w-richtext-figure-type-image w-richtext-align-center" data-rt-type="image" data-rt-align="center"><div><img alt="" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac03b46aa715/69d3c0e8385bee05360f11bb_printing-recyclable-circuit-boards-depopulated-components.webp" width="auto" height="auto" loading="lazy"></div><figcaption>Components removed from the finished decimal counter board</figcaption></figure><p>Next, we manually broke the Soluboard into smaller pieces to increase surface area and accelerate the breakdown process. We then placed the pieces into a beaker of water heated to 99°C on a hotplate stirrer and introduced continuous agitation. We maintained both temperature and mixing for approximately one hour.</p><p>During earlier tests, we observed minimal physical changes below 50°C. At around 78°C, the boards began to soften noticeably. Once the temperature exceeded 90°C, the flax-based Soluboard began to break down effectively.&nbsp;</p><p>After sustained heating and agitation at 99°C, the board disintegrated. We then filtered the mixture and collected the remaining material. After drying, we recovered separated flax fibers, confirming that we can physically break down the substrate and reclaim its renewable fibrous structure for potential composting, rather than ending up in a landfill.</p><figure class="w-richtext-figure-type-image w-richtext-align-center" data-rt-type="image" data-rt-align="center"><div><img alt="Reclaimed flax fibers from dissolved Soluboard substrate, separated in hot water above 90 °C and dried, showing woven textile structure remnants after PCB breakdown" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/6334888a34bfac03b46aa715/69d543fb209ddee948d35723_printing-sustainable-circuit-boards-flax-fibers.webp" width="auto" height="auto" loading="lazy"></div><figcaption>Reclaimed flax fibers recovered from Soluboard after hot-water dissolution and drying</figcaption></figure><h2>Challenges and advice</h2><h3>Jute-based Soluboard breakdown</h3><p>During testing, we observed distinct differences between flax-based and jute-based Soluboard variants. The darker jute boards softened quickly when exposed to heat but became rubbery during partial dissolution and did not break down to the same extent as the flax boards. In contrast, the flax-based Soluboard dissolved more consistently under sustained high temperatures and agitation.</p><p>Based on these findings, we recommend using the flax-based Soluboard when full substrate breakdown is required. The finer woven structure appears to facilitate more complete water penetration and material separation. Alternatively, when working with jute-based boards, more aggressive mechanical agitation (e.g., higher shear mixing, manual disruption, or ultrasonic agitation) would help breaking the material down.</p><h3>Temperature control and agitation</h3><p>We found that temperature control plays a critical role in achieving effective dissolution. When we exposed the boards to water below 90°C, they softened but did not fully decompose. Once we maintained temperatures above 90°C and introduced continuous agitation, the flax-based substrate broke down significantly more efficiently.</p><p>We also accelerated the process by manually breaking the board into smaller pieces to increase surface area. For scaled applications, we recommend maintaining sustained temperatures above 90°C and incorporating controlled mechanical agitation to optimize breakdown speed and material recovery.</p><h2>Conclusion</h2><p>This project demonstrates that additive PCB prototyping can be paired with biodegradable substrates to improve end-of-life material recovery. More importantly, the end-of-life process showed that components can be removed post-reflow and that the flax fiber can be reclaimed. This establishes a practical proof of concept for hardware prototyping and development that has lower material waste, more reusable components, and improved recyclability.</p><p>Interested in more V-One projects, take a look at our V-One project kits:</p><ul><li><a href="https://store.voltera.io/collections/bundles/products/voltage-regulator-kit">Voltage regulator kit</a></li><li><a href="https://store.voltera.io/collections/bundles/products/pulse-generator-kit">Pulse generator kit</a></li><li><a href="https://store.voltera.io/collections/bundles/products/99-decimal-counter-kit">99 decimal counter kit</a></li></ul><p>Working with green electronics? <a href="https://www.voltera.io/book-a-meeting?utm_campaign=applications-white-papers&utm_source=website&utm_medium=printing-recyclable-circuit-boards-biodegradable-substrates&utm_content=book-a-meeting">Book a meeting</a> to speak with one of our technical representatives.</p><h2>Frequently asked questions</h2><h3>Can components be fully reused?</h3><p>Yes, in most cases. We removed components using heat to soften the solder paste before beginning the dissolution process. This allowed us to separate and preserve electrical components for reuse. In general, component reuse will depend on the care taken during desoldering and the condition of the parts.</p><h3>Is Soluboard compatible with NOVA?</h3><p>Yes. The NOVA materials dispensing system supports a wide variety of substrates, including rigid materials like glass, flexible materials like PET, and soft materials like TPU. Like FR1 or FR4, Soluboard provides a stable surface for dispensing functional inks and pastes and would be a great choice if you’re experimenting with fully biodegradable circuit boards.</p><h3>Is NOVA compatible with recyclable inks and pastes?</h3><p>Very likely. NOVA is compatible with screen-printable materials with a viscosity between 1,000 and 1,000,000 cP. Depending on your ink formulation, you can choose nozzles with a larger or smaller inner diameter and experiment with different printing diameters until you find the ideal configuration. </p>

Learn how we printed PCBs on Jiva Materials’ Soluboard using the V-One PCB printer and separated electronic components from the biodegradable materials.

Green electronics

Printing with sustainable materials to reduce e-waste

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Printing PCBs on Biodegradable Substrates for End-of-Life Recovery

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